Imodoka zikoresha amashanyarazi zifite ubushobozi bwo gusharija mu cyerekezo cy’imirongo ibiri zishobora gukoreshwa mu gutanga umuriro mu mazu, kongera ingufu mu muyoboro w’amashanyarazi, ndetse no gutanga umuriro w’inyongera mu gihe cy’ibura ry’amashanyarazi cyangwa mu bihe by’impanuka. Imodoka zikoresha amashanyarazi muri rusange ni bateri nini zikoresha amapine, bityo sharija zikoresha icyerekezo cy’imirongo ibiri zemerera imodoka kubika amashanyarazi ahendutse mu gihe kitari icy’umuvuduko, bikagabanya ikiguzi cy’amashanyarazi mu ngo. Iri koranabuhanga rigezweho, rizwi nka vehicle-to-grid (V2G), rifite ubushobozi bwo guhindura uburyo amashanyarazi yacu akora, aho imodoka ibihumbi n’ibihumbi by’amashanyarazi zishobora gutanga umuriro icyarimwe mu gihe cy’ubukene bwinshi.
Bikora bite?
Shajara y’icyerekezo cy’ibiri ni shajara y’imodoka ikoresha amashanyarazi (EV) igezweho ishobora gusharija mu byerekezo byombi. Ibi bishobora kumvikana nk’ibyoroshye, ariko bisaba uburyo bugoye bwo guhindura ingufu kuva ku muvuduko w’amashanyarazi usimburana (AC) ukajya ku muvuduko w’amashanyarazi ugororotse (DC), bitandukanye n’ishajara isanzwe ya EV ikoresha AC.
Bitandukanye na charger zisanzwe za EV, charger zihuza icyerekezo cy’ibice bibiri bikora nk’inverters, zihindura AC muri DC mu gihe cyo gusharija ndetse n’igihe cyo gusohora charger. Ariko, charger zihuza icyerekezo cy’ibice bibiri zishobora gukoreshwa gusa ku modoka zijyanye no gusharija DC mu cyerekezo cy’ibice bibiri. Ikibabaje ni uko umubare wa EV ubu ushobora gusharija icyerekezo cy’ibice bibiri ni muto cyane. Kubera ko charger zihuza icyerekezo cy’ibice bibiri zigoye cyane, nazo zirahenze cyane kurusha charger zisanzwe za EV, kuko zikoresha ikoranabuhanga rigezweho ryo guhindura ingufu kugira ngo zicunge ingufu z’imodoka.
Ku bijyanye no gutanga ingufu ku mazu, charger za EV zo mu cyerekezo cy’imirongo ibiri kandi zihuza ibikoresho kugira ngo zicunge imizigo no gutandukanya inzu n’umuyoboro w’amashanyarazi mu gihe cy’ibura ry’amashanyarazi, ikintu kizwi nka islanding. Ihame ry’ibanze ry’imikorere ya charger ya EV yo mu cyerekezo cy’imirongo ibiri risa cyane n’iry’icyuma gihindura imiterere y’imirongo ibiri, gikorera nk’isoko y’amashanyarazi y’inyongera mu buryo bwo kubika bateri zo mu rugo.
Intego yo gusharija mu cyerekezo cy'ibiri ni iyihe?
Imashini zikoresha amashanyarazi ebyiri zishobora gukoreshwa mu buryo bubiri butandukanye. Iya mbere kandi y'ingenzi ni Vehicle-to-grid, cyangwa V2G, yagenewe kugeza cyangwa gutanga ingufu kuri grid iyo bikenewe cyane. Iyo ibihumbi by'imodoka zifite V2G zicanye kandi zigakoreshwa, ibi bishobora guhindura cyane uburyo amashanyarazi abikwa kandi agakorwa. Imodoka zikoresha amashanyarazi zifite batiri nini kandi zikomeye, bityo imbaraga zose z'ibihumbi by'imodoka zifite V2G zishobora kuba nyinshi cyane. Menya ko V2X ari ijambo rikoreshwa mu gusobanura imiterere itatu ivugwa hano hepfo:
I. Ingufu z'amashanyarazi zikoreshwa mu gutera amashanyarazi mu kinyabiziga cyangwa V2G kugira ngo zishyigikire amashanyarazi.
II. Ingufu z'amashanyarazi zikoreshwa mu gutwara imodoka zijya mu rugo cyangwa V2H – zikoreshwa mu gutanga ingufu mu mazu cyangwa mu bigo by'ubucuruzi.
III. Imodoka zigomba gupakirwa cyangwa V2L – EV zishobora gukoreshwa mu guha umuriro ibikoresho cyangwa mu gusharija izindi modoka zikoresha amashanyarazi.
Uburyo bwa kabiri bwo gukoresha charger ya EV y'ibyerekezo bibiri ni iyo gukoresha imodoka ijya mu rugo, cyangwa V2H. Nk'uko izina ribigaragaza, V2H ituma imodoka zikoresha amashanyarazi zikoreshwa nk'uburyo bwa bateri yo mu rugo kugira ngo zibike ingufu zirenze z'izuba kandi zigatanga ingufu ku nzu yawe. Urugero, uburyo busanzwe bwa bateri yo mu rugo, nka Tesla Powerwall, bufite ubushobozi bwa 13.5 kWh. Mu kugereranya, imodoka isanzwe y'amashanyarazi ifite ubushobozi bwa 65 kWh, hafi ya zose zingana na Tesla Powerwalls eshanu. Bitewe n'ubushobozi bwa bateri nini, iyo ihujwe n'ingufu z'izuba zo hejuru, imodoka y'amashanyarazi yuzuye ishobora gutanga ingufu ku rugo rusanzwe mu minsi myinshi cyangwa irenga.
1. Imodoka kuva kuri gridi kugeza kuri V2G
Imodoka ijya kuri gridi (V2G) yerekeza ku buryo bwo gushyira igice gito cy'ingufu zabitswe zivuye kuri batiri y'imodoka ikoresha amashanyarazi mu muyoboro w'amashanyarazi igihe cyose bikenewe. Kwitabira umushinga wa V2G bisaba icyuma gitanga amashanyarazi cya DC gikoresha icyerekezo cy'ibiri hamwe n'imodoka ikoresha amashanyarazi ijyanye nayo. Hari uburyo bwo gushishikariza, nko kwishyura inguzanyo cyangwa kugabanya ibiciro by'amashanyarazi ku ba nyiri amashanyarazi ya EV. Imodoka za EV zifite V2G nazo zemerera ba nyiri amashanyarazi kwitabira gahunda za VPP (Vehicle Power Supply) kugira ngo hongerwe uburyo bwo guhagarara neza kw'umuyoboro w'amashanyarazi no gutanga ingufu mu gihe cy'ubukene bukabije.
Nubwo hari byinshi bikomeje kuvugwa, kimwe mu bibazo byo gushyiraho ikoranabuhanga rya V2G ni imbogamizi mu kugenzura no kutagira uburyo bwo gushyushya imiyoboro y’amashanyarazi n’ibihuza. Imashini zishyushya imiyoboro y’amashanyarazi, nka inverters z’izuba, zifatwa nk'uburyo bundi bwo gutanga amashanyarazi kandi zigomba kubahiriza amabwiriza yose agenga umutekano no guhagarara kw’amashanyarazi mu gihe habayeho ikibazo cy’amashanyarazi. Kugira ngo batsinde izi ngorane, bamwe mu bakora imodoka, nka Ford, bashyizeho uburyo bworoshye bwo gushyushya imiyoboro y’amashanyarazi y’amashanyarazi ikorana gusa na Ford EVs mu mazu, aho gutanga amashanyarazi kuri grid.
2. Imodoka ijya mu rugo - V2H
Imodoka ijya mu rugo (V2H) isa na V2G, ariko ingufu zikoreshwa mu rugo aho kuzishyira mu muyoboro w'amashanyarazi. Ibi bituma imodoka zikoresha amashanyarazi zikora nk'uburyo busanzwe bwo gukoresha batiri zo mu rugo, bigafasha mu kunoza ubushobozi bwo kwikorera, cyane cyane iyo zihujwe n'ingufu zikomoka ku mirasire y'izuba zo hejuru y'inzu. Ariko, inyungu igaragara cyane ya V2H ni ubushobozi bwayo bwo gutanga ingufu z'inyongera mu gihe cy'ibura ry'amashanyarazi.
Kugira ngo V2H ikore neza, hakenewe inverter y’ingufu zihuza impande zombi n’ibindi bikoresho, harimo n’icyuma gipima ingufu (gifite transformer y’amashanyarazi) gishyirwa aho umurongo uhurira. Transformer y’amashanyarazi ikurikirana uburyo ingufu zinjira n’izisohoka mu muyoboro w’amashanyarazi. Iyo sisitemu ibonye ko inzu yawe irimo gukoresha ingufu z’umuyoboro w’amashanyarazi, itanga ubutumwa kuri charger ya EV y’ingufu zihuza impande zombi kugira ngo irekure ingano ingana y’amashanyarazi kugira ngo ikureho ingufu zose zikomoka kuri grid. Mu buryo nk’ubwo, iyo sisitemu ibonye ingufu zituruka ku gisenge cy’ingufu zikomoka ku mirasire y’izuba, irayihindukiza kugira ngo isharishe EV, kimwe n’icyuma gikoresha amashanyarazi cya EV.
Kugira ngo umuriro ukomeze gukoreshwa mu gihe cy'ibura ry'amashanyarazi cyangwa mu bihe byihutirwa, sisitemu ya V2H igomba kumenya aho umuriro uherereye mu ruziga hanyuma igatandukanya inzu n'uruziga. Iyo imaze gushyirwa mu ruziga, inverter y'icyerekezo cy'ibiri ikora nk'inverter idakoresha amashanyarazi, ikoreshwa na bateri ya EV. Hari ibindi bikoresho byo kwimura uruziga, nka contactors zikora ku buryo bwikora (ATS), birakenewe kugira ngo umuriro ukomeze gukoreshwa, kimwe n'ibyuma bihuza amashanyarazi bikoreshwa mu turemangingo tw'izuba.
3. Imodoka yo gupakira - V2L
Ikoranabuhanga rya V2L ryoroshye cyane kuko ridasaba charger y’icyerekezo cy’ibiri. Imodoka zifite V2L zifite inverter ikora neza itanga ingufu za AC ziturutse ku gice kimwe cyangwa byinshi bisanzwe biri mu modoka, zishobora gukoreshwa mu gufunga igikoresho icyo ari cyo cyose cyo mu rugo. Ariko, zimwe mu modoka zikoresha adaptateri yihariye ya V2L ishyirwa mu gice cyo gushyushya cy’imodoka ikoresha amashanyarazi kugira ngo itange ingufu za AC. Mu gihe cy’impanuka, umugozi wongera urashobora kwaguka uva mu modoka ujya mu rugo kugira ngo ukoreshe imizigo y’ibanze nk’amatara, mudasobwa, firigo, n’ibikoresho byo guteka.
V2L ikoreshwa mu gukoresha ingufu zidafite gridi no mu gihe cyo kuyisubiza inyuma
Imodoka zifite V2L zishobora gukoresha insinga zo kwagura umuriro kugira ngo zitange ingufu zo gukoresha ibikoresho by'amashanyarazi byatoranijwe. Ubundi buryo, switch yihariye yo kohereza amashanyarazi ishobora gukoreshwa mu guhuza ingufu za V2L ku gice cyo gukwirakwiza umuriro, cyangwa ndetse no ku gice cyo gukwirakwiza umuriro gikuru.
Imodoka zifite V2L zishobora kandi gushyirwa muri sisitemu z'ingufu zikomoka ku mirasire y'izuba zidafite amashanyarazi kugira ngo bigabanye cyangwa bikureho gukenera icyuma gitanga ingufu z'ingufu. Sisitemu nyinshi z'ingufu zikomoka ku mirasire y'izuba zidafite amashanyarazi zirimo inverter y'impande ebyiri, ishobora gukoresha ingufu zituruka ku isoko iyo ari yo yose ya AC, harimo n'imodoka zifite V2L. Ariko, bisaba gushyirwaho no gushyirwaho n'inzobere mu by'ingufu zikomoka ku mirasire y'izuba cyangwa umuhanga mu by'amashanyarazi kugira ngo habeho umutekano.
— IHEREZO—
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Igihe cyo kohereza: Ugushyingo-26-2025
